Quotes...

1.
http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/short/cultiv.html

Boyd-Barrett, Oliver & Peter Braham (eds.) (1987): Media, Knowledge & Power. London: Croom Helm
Condry, John (1989): The Psychology of Television. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Dominick, Joseph R. (1990): The Dynamics of Mass Communication. New York: McGraw-Hill
Evra, Judith van (1990): Television and Child Development. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Livingstone, Sonia (1990): Making Sense of Television. London: Pergamon
McQuail, Denis & Sven Windahl (1993): Communication Models for the Study of Mass Communication. London: Longman

‘Cultivation research looks at the mass media as a socializing agent and investigates whether television viewers come to believe the television version of reality the more they watch it’

2.
http://www.comminit.com/en/node/27072/2754

Health Communication - Lessons from Family Planning and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Center for Communication Programs, 1997, by Phyllis Tilson Piotrow, D. Lawrence Kincaid, Jose G. Rimon II, and Ward Rinehart. P. 22. To order this publication

‘Theories of the cultivation process attempt to understand and explain the dynamics of television as the distinctive and dominant cultural force of our age’

3. http://www.utwente.nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Mass%20Media/Cultivation_Theory.doc/

Boyd-Barrett, Oliver & Peter Braham (Eds.) (1987). Media, Knowledge & Power. London: Croom Helm.
Condry, John (1989). The Psychology of Television. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Dominick, Joseph R. (1990). The Dynamics of Mass Communication. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Evra, Judith van (1990). Television and Child Development. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Gerbner, G., & Gross, L. (1976a). Living with television: The violence profile. Journal of Communication, 26, 172-199.
Gerbner, G., & Gross, L. (1976b). The scary world of TV’s heavy viewer. Psychology Today, 10(4), 41-89.
Hawkins R.P & Pingree, S. (1983). Televisions influence on social reality. In: Wartella, E.,
Whitney, D. & Windahl, S. (Eds.) Mass Communication Review Yearbook, Vol 5. Beverley Hills CA: Sage.
Livingstone, S. (1990). Making Sense of Television. London: Pergamon.
McQuail, D. & Windahl, S. (1993). Communication Models for the Study of Mass Communication. London: Longman.
Stappers, J.G. (1984) De eigen aard van televisie; tien stellingen over cultivatie en culturele indicatoren. Massacommunicatie 12(5-6), 249-258

‘The combined effect of massive television exposure by viewers over time subtly shapes the perception of social reality for individuals and, ultimately, for our culture as a whole’

4.
http://www.utwente.nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Mass%20Media/Hypodermic_Needle_Theory.doc/

‘a powerful and direct flow of information from the sender to the receiver’
‘media messages are injected straight into a passive audience which is immediately influenced by the message. They express the view that the media is a dangerous means of communicating an idea because the receiver or audience is powerless to resist the impact of the message. There is no escape from the effect of the message in these models’

Davis, D.K. & Baron, S.J. (1981). A History of Our Understanding of Mass Communication. In: Davis, D.K. & Baron, S.J. (Eds.). Mass Communication and Everyday Life: A Perspective on Theory and Effects (19-52). Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing.
Golden, L.L. & Alpert, M.I. (1987). Comparative Analysis of the Relative Effectiveness of One- and Two-sided Communication for Contrasting Products. Journal of Advertising, 16(1), 18-25.
Lazarsfeld, P.F., Berelson, B. & Gaudet, H. (1968). The people’s choice: How the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign. New York: Columbia University Press.
DeFleur, Melvin L. Theories of Mass Communication New York: Longman Inc., 1989
Lowery, Shearon and Melvin L. DeFleur Milestones in Mass Communication Research: Media Effects New York: Longman Inc., 1983.
Severin, Werner J. and James W. Tankard, Jr. Communication Theories -- Origins, Methods and Uses New York: Hastings House, 1979.
Watson, James and Anne Hill A Dictionary of Communication and Media Studies New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., 1997
Katz, E., & Lazarsfeld, P. (1955), Personal Influence, New York: The Free Press

5.
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Hypodermic_needle_model

Several factors contributed to this "strong effects" theory of communication, including: the fast rise and popularization of radio and television, the emergence of the persuasion industries, such as advertising and propaganda, the Payne Fund studies of the 1930s, which focused on the impact of motion pictures on children, and Hitler's monopolization of the mass media during WWII to unify the German public behind the Nazi party.


Davis, D.K. & Baron, S.J. (1981). A History of Our Understanding of Mass Communication. In: Davis, D.K. & Baron, S.J. (Eds.). Mass Communication and Everyday Life: A Perspective on Theory and Effects (19-52). Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing

Critical investigation presentation/ How Horror Films Exaggerate The Mentally Ill

View more presentations from Megan Riley.

Changing minds about representations of madness...

Studying representations of relatively disadvantaged sections of the community is one of the staple concerns of Media Studies at every level. However, if ever there was a group for whom the disadvantages of repeated stereotyping may feed the formula prejudice + power = discrimination, then it may well be those with severe mental illness.

Prominent pressure groups involved in campaigning on behalf of this group certainly think so. And so, back in June, teachers and students were invited to a special education session ahead of the first London ‘Reel Madness’ Film Festival. This event and the film screenings that followed were part-organised by two charities – Rethink (the operating name of the National Schizophrenia Fellowship) and Mental Health Media. The education afternoon featured the screening of scenes from a variety of films including One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (1975); A Beautiful Mind (2001); and the recent Film Four production, Some Voices (2000). Also included was the challenging two-minute cinema advertisement ‘One In Four’ produced to promote World Mental Health Day in 2000 as part of the Royal College of Psychiatrist’s on-going Changing Minds campaign against the stigmatising of people with mental health problems. (See MoreMediaMag.)

Each sequence was chosen to highlight a key issue or misconception regarding aspects of madness – for example the relationship between insanity and genius that often provides the excuse for making madness the subject of mainstream movies, and which received its most recent emphasis in A Beautiful Mind. A formidable array of experts including a consultant psychiatrist, a neuroscientist, a mental health service manager and a service user were on hand to deliver their take on the clips being shown. It was a stimulating session, but one that posed more questions than answers regarding how practically this subject might be broached in class.

The ignorance issue quickly reared its head. For one thing many of the snippets were largely unfamiliar to the students (and teachers) there. Furthermore, the films from which they came are rarely, if ever, part of TV schedules, posing a potential headache when it comes to gathering such materials for classroom use. Then there was the problem that many of the portrayals screened felt as if they needed the insights of expert witnesses to place them in perspective. Quite unlike the stereotyping of groups by race, gender or sexual preference, which are familiar aspects of Media Studies, ‘madness’ is a highly technical and fought-over topic. Madness in its various forms has always been subject to a range of therapies and diagnoses – often conflicting and contradictory. So unlike other media portrayals, teachers and students are likely to feel unsure of their ground when evaluating the relative merits or otherwise of the depictions of madness they encounter.

Acedemic Articles...



The Sociological Quarterly

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1992.tb00383.x/abstract


'people labeled mentally ill experience negative societal reactions'

'respondents reject the mentally ill'




Stigma & Mental Illness Fink.P , Tasman.A (American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC, 1992)


http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=gmCxeAw7-Z4C&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=stereotypes+of+the+mentally+ill&ots=3jJKGwdgb8&sig=uuvd6lUaciWPA7hQeaBWWMoXphA#v=onepage&q=stereotypes%20of%20the%20mentally%20ill&f=false

'Stigma associated with mental illness can cause those afflicted to delay seeking treatment or to conceal the illness in an attempt to escape the shame and isolation of being labeled 'disturbed' and 'other' '




American Journal of Community Psychology Wahl.O, Yonaton Lefkowitz.J

http://www.springerlink.com/content/u576862827715776/fulltext.pdf


'media presentations about mental illness matched neither the views of the public nor those of mental health professionals'

'Domino (1983) compared responses to a questionnaire before and after the release of the film "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest." He reported that those who saw the film expressed less positive attitudes than those who had not seen it and concluded that cinematography can exert a powerful influence on attitudes toward the mentally ill.'

Oxford Journals: Schizophrenia Bulletin, Images of Mental Illnes in The Media, Volume 30 Issue 3 Stout.P, Villegas.J, Jennings.N

http://schizophreniabulletin.oxfordjournals.org/content/30/3/543.full.pdf+html


'The mass media, including television and broadcast news, are the primary source of information about mental illness for many Americans'

'The media are believed to play a major role in contributing to mental illness stigma via the images they portray of characters with mental illness as well as the misinformation communicated, inaccurate use of psychiatric terms, and unfavorable stereotypes of people with mental illness'

How and why do Horror/Thriller films, such as 'Hide and Seek' exaggerate the mentally ill?...



Mentally ill Crazy Ill Health Depression

Exaggerate Amplify False Stereotype

Horror Scary Thriller


http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8190036.stm

Health- Schizpohrenia

BBC Website

& it is relevent becuase it talks about how someone suffering from mental illness can cope in everyday life and situations - which is not what the media reflects.


http://ezinearticles.com/?(Mis)representations-of-Mental-Illness-in-Film&id=1610236

Misrepresentations of Mental Illness

Ezine Articles

& this actually partly answers my coursework question.. and talks about the respresentation of mentall illness in the media


http://www.shockmd.com/2010/08/09/mental-illness-in-movies/

Mental Illness in Movies

Dr Shock Blog

& links into how the movie industry portrays those with mental illness


http://www.ucreative.ac.uk/index.cfm?articleid=31091

'Sick' DVD Relsease

University of The Creative Arts

& this discusses a positive representation of mental illness in the film 'sick'

http://ezinearticles.com/?(Mis)representations-of-Mental-Illness-in-Film&id=1610236

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8190036.stm

Guardian.co.uk

Media 'Reinforcing mental illness stigma'...

Journalists are reinforcing the stigma around mental illness by failing to provide "balanced" coverage, according to a survey published today.

While common mental health problems are treated in much the same way as other health issues, sufferers of severe mental illness were portrayed as "problem people", in ways similar to asylum seekers, youth offenders and drug users, according to the report Mind over Matter: Media reporting of mental health.

The report was published at the launch of a five-year campaign to both monitor the media and encourage more balanced coverage of the issues surrounding mental health in a bid to reduce prejudice. It was compiled by an alliance of mental health charities, including mental health media.

Attending the launch, the health minister, Rosie Winterton, criticised the way people with serious mental illness were represented in the media, claiming journalists tended to represent sufferers as a threat to the general public.

Messages about the risk of violence posed by people with mental health problems were present in 15% of stories, over three-quarters of which implied the risk was high, not low, according to the study.

This is despite the fact that people with mental health problems were more of a risk to themselves than others. Around 4,500 people kill themselves each year, nearly double the number killed on the roads.

Only 6% of stories about mental health included interviews with people experiencing difficulties, the survey found, with coverage often including stigmatising language and "unhelpful comments".

Overall, the study found "clear evidence" that reporting on severe mental health problems across the media was still problematic.

But Ms Winterton admitted the government also had a role to play in the portrayal of mental health in the media.

"What it shows, perhaps, is some gaps - not only in the media response ... [but] are we as a government doing enough to assist the media and people with mental health problems to improve coverage?" she said, speaking to an audience of journalists and mental health professionals.

"We need to make sure there is balanced coverage, and that particularly applies to people with severe mental health problems. "

The minister called for action, "particularly looking at what can be done to work with journalists to provide a more balanced view", before being barracked by a psychiatrist from the floor over the conflicting messages issued by the government itself.

Professor Graham Thornicroft criticised the minister for sending out messages in "two different directions", which he said served to reinforce the very stigma it accused the media of perpetuating.

The draft mental health bill - which has yet to be tabled in parliament, despite first being drawn up three years ago - supported the mistaken assumption that people with mental illness were particularly dangerous, he said.

The controversial bill has faced strong opposition from a broad alliance of campaigners over plans to detain people with untreatable mental illness who have committed no crimes.

"It is time to consider having a close look and accept that the current mental health bill is pointing in the wrong direction," he told Ms Winterton.

Efforts to improve coverage under the five-year Shift programme will include a mental health bureau to enable journalists to access people with mental health problems for interviews for mental health-related stores.

Guidelines jointly drawn up in conjunction with the National Union of Journalists and the Society of Editors will also be distributed to the media.